The Living World Questions and Answers

What is the evidence for the early earth being anoxic O volcanic activity would have burned all the oxygen O pyrite minerals susceptible to breakdown by oxygen are abundant in early Archean sediments O it wasn t anoxic all life requires oxygen therefore oxygen had to have been present since the earliest known lif

The diagram shows the release of a neurotransmitter across a synapse Presynaptic neuron X Neurotransmitter a ldentify the structure labelled X 1 4Outline the role of the sodium potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential of a neuron 2 5 Compare and contrast hormonal and nervous communication 7

Examine the Perch skull Looking at the rear of it notice how there is a small braincase housed within an outer skull Draw a cross section of the Perch skull from this perspective This is the primitive condition for many vertebrates Tetrapods included It is called the anapsid condition a braincase a complete outer skull with a space between them 6 On your drawing label the parts that correspond to the braincase holds the brain and sensory organs

7 Cycas a cycad is another seed plant that was very common in the Mesozoic Describe very briefly the foliage of both Cycas and Araucaria X Although there were softer plants living at the time e g ferns the abundance of the above two plants and their close relatives dictates that herbivorous dinosaurs must have been eating them ouch

3 Equisetum Calamites and Annularia are members of the Sphenopsids They have a unique anatomy stellar organization meaning they are composed of bundles of tissue arranged in a circle see figure below They also display jointing in the stems very obvious in Equisetum Sketch Calamites a Carboniferous sphenopsid some of which reached over 10 meters in height and identify on your sketch the bundles of tissue and if you can find it a characteristic joint where the tissue bundles pinch out and then expand

and their close relatives dictates that herbivorous dinosaurs must have been eating 8 Angiosperms are more commonly known as the flowering plants and include most of the plants that you are probably familiar with minus the conifers and the ferns Examples include any plant trees included with a flower plus grasses and many shrubs From your notes describe why double fertilization with respect to seed development is a major advantage over the way that conifers produce seeds

5 Archaeopteris This Late Paleozoic specimen foliage only and its near relatives collectively called the Progymnosperms represent close relatives of the seed plants although they themselves unfortunately lacked the seed habit What are two great advantages that seed plants have compared to Progymnosperms and other plants that lack seeds 1

Ferns were also extremely diverse and abundant during the late Paleozoic and into the Mesozoic Some of them evolved a tree form which reached heights of 10 meters Briefly describe the reproductive strategy of ferns as well as the other land plants you have examined so far questions 1 3 You may express your explanation in the form of a diagram if that s easier

2 Sigillaria Members of Lycopoda were the dominant land plants during the Carboniferous In fact most of the coal on earth was formed from the remains of Carboniferous forests which were filled with Lycopods A few surviving members exist but are very small Look at the Sigillaria fossil This fossil is a piece of bark from an arboraceous tree like Lycopod Sketch in detail a portion of it The strange H shaped marks you see are called leaf scars and show where the leaves attached directly to the stalk

algac 1 Identify place the following evolutionary novelties on the tree below either at the correct node or next to the correct name gametophyte completely parasitic on sporophyte xylem and phloem tissue gametophyte growth reduced to four cells one of which is the egg lignin in some tissues Land Plant diversification Bryophytes Lycopods Ferns and allies land plants Conifers Progymnosperms Sphenopsids Tracheophytes vascular plants Gingkoes Cycads and allies seed plants Ang

Ming evolutionary novelties on the tree below either at the correct node or next to the correct name notochord muscular appendages modified brachial arches clamp together paired appendages myomeres bony ray like appendages cartilaginous skeleton Pikea Early Chordate diversification lamproy Heterostracans earliest vertebrates Vertebrates Osteostracans Placoderms ray fins Actinopterygians Chondrichthyes jawed vertebrates Gnathostomes lobe fins Sarcopterygians

The molecular clock has limited usefulness for estimating divergence times among species in part due to the saturation of DNA sequences This occurs because A DNA sequences are unable to revert back to previous allelic states B the variation in the substitution rate between closely related lineages prevents accurate estimation of divergence time C variation in population sizes among lineages changes the effect of genetic drift D in highly diverged lineages substitutions will occur at sites that have been substituted previously

You place two nerve cells which have synaptic connection to each other and are normally able to signal to each other in a dish filled with a buffer containing H Na and Cl as the only inorganic ions You stimulate the first neuron by applying a depolarizing voltage across the membrane of one of the dendrites but find that the second neuron does not respond Which of the following is the most likely explanation for its lack of response a An action potential can only be initiated by opening a ligand gated channel b Propagation of the action potential along the axon is prevented by the lack of K in the buffer c The axon membrane is unable to repolarize i this buffer d Neurotransmitter is not being released into the synaptic cleft e Neurotransmitter is released but is unable to stimulate opening of the ligand

Autologous blood donations are to be used O All are correct O For bone marrow transplant recipients O At a later date by the donor O By HIV positive recipients O By family members of the donor 2

A woman without prenatal care delivers a healthy term infant A cord blood sample shows the infant is A positive with a positive DAT The workup of the unexpected finding should include O Direct antiglobulin testing of the mother s specimen O None is correct O ABO testing of the mother O ABO and Rh typing of the father Anti C3 antiglobulin test

Which of the following statements is false concerning the dideoxynucleotides ddNTPs used in Fred Sanger s dideoxy chain termination method of DNA sequencing O If a ddNTP is added to a growing DNA strand the chain cannot be extended any further The dideoxynucleotides are not able to be detected in gel electrophoresis Dideoxynucleotides ddNTPs are chain terminators Dideoxynucleotides ddNTPs are flourescently dyed

Question 2 How did the allelic frequencies change over the 10 generations modeled in response to natural selection Do you think the white allele could be eliminated from the population if the model had continued for 10 more generations Reference Graph 2 in your explanation 0 Word s IUE ET T B Question 3 A mutation occurs in a population of rabbits affecting ear length After multiple generations 30 of the population exhibit the new recessive phenotype for short ears Use the Hardy Weinberg equation to determine the genotypic frequencies of the rabbit population Show all work in your answer B J U E T T 0 Word s

the Great Depression by providing relief to people in need by creating programs to help the nation recover from economic ruin and provide a framework to reform the system to try to prevent another economic depression Determine which of these goals each program had in mind Relief Recovery Reform

Indicat Choose production of egg sex cells mitosis formation of a scar meiosis prokariota cell division Choose osis is responsible for the type of cell division

What is the name of the process by which en early embryo attaches to the uterine wall Select one O a gastrulation b ovulation O c implantation d fertilisation

Which type of muscles has multinucleated fibers or cells Select one O a oblique muscles b smooth muscles O c skeletal muscles d cardiac muscles

Each ovarian folicle in the cortex of the ovary is surrounded and supported by the Select one a muscle tissue b tunica albuginea c connective tissue d cytoskeleton structure

Which of the following proteins is abundant in the extracellular matrix Select one a keratin b tubulin c actin d elastin

Production of the cerebrospinal fluid is the function of ependymal cells True False Select one True False

important component of distinguishing science from pseudoscience is being able to distinguish that information is from a credit urce Select all of the following that are considered to be credible sources Peer reviewed academic journals University sponsored website that includes references from peer reviewed journal articles Social media posts that reference blog posts Your college textbook copyright 2019 Social media posts with no reference An academic journal s website featuring its published articles A blog from a website that is recommending that you purchase a product from them An opinion article in a popular newspaper

The Cambrian explosion occurred during the early mid Cambrian late Archean late Paleozoic

S The scientific method II Complete each of the following statements to describe the parts of the scientific method Then place the sentences in the correct order in which the scientific method tends to flow 1 The scientific method begins with a or an Click to select of a natural event 2 Scientists use reasoning to combine observations into a tentative explanation or Click to select 3 Scientists develop a good experimental design that contains both a test group in which the experimental variable is altered and Click to select group in which the experimental variable is not altered a 4 Analysis of the data reveals how the manipulated variable also known as the Click to select variable affects the measured variable the Click to select variable 5 The results of an experiment are called data and must be properly analyzed in order for a Click to select to be reached

A motor unit is composed of Multiple Choice several motor neurons and several muscle fibers one motor neuron and one whole muscle one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers is innervates

Which if the following statements are true Select all that apply Check All That Apply Electromyography measures the number of motor units active in a muscle Electromyography measures the frequency of muscle fibers in a muscle Electromyography is a recording of the voltage produced by the skeletal muscle contractions Electromyography is a measurement of all motor units in a muscle

Different motor units generate the same potentials in an EMG readout True or False True False

Multiple Choice O O lower higher lower less more higher more lower

Each motor unit action potential MUAP recorded in an EMG signal corresponds to Multiple Choice O O the action potential of each individual muscle fiber innervated by the same motor neuron the sum of all the motor units in a single muscle the sum of the electrical potentials from all the muscle fibers of a motor unit

Which type of motor units are activated for the longest time during low to moderate level exercise Multiple Choice O O O slow oxidative fast glycolytic fast oxidative

All the fibers in one muscle that a simple motor neuron innervates makes up a n Multiple Choice O motor unit synapse sarcomere nerve junction

origin of the earth earliest known solid crust origin of life earliest know fossils 2 Next arrange on it the events listed below If an event is discrete such as the earliest known fossil simply list the event and date next to the appropriate spot on the timeline or use an arrow to point to the location of the event on the timescale If the event is something spread out over a range of time express it as a line representing the duration of the event e g deposition of BIFs span of BIF deposition first indication of build up of oxygen in the oceans atmosphere i e first red beds earliest known eukaryotes Snowball Earth earliest preserved multicellular ecosystems e g Ediacara faunas Hadean Archean Proterozoic

Which event could explain the changes in the population shown in the graph OA Over several generations the proportion of light colored moths stayed constant but mutations produced new phenotypes that were not included in the study B Over several generations light colored moths became more common because the tree bark became lighter in color as pollution decreased in the habitat C Over several generations dark colored moths became more common as the trees in the habitat became coated in soot pollution OD Dark colored moths became more common because populations have random variations in phenotypes from year to year

6 cm 10days x 365 days I year

Some hares have the same coat color all year long Others have white coats in the winter and brown coats in the summer Variations in their influence when individuals begin to grow the different coat colors A region genes with snowy winters has started experiencing later arrival of snow Which type of hare is most likely to increase in future generations of the population A Hares that grow a brown coat earlier in the spring B Hares that have a white coat all year C Hares that grow a white coat later in the fall D Hares that have a brown coat all year

Listen What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common that no other organelle contains What does this provide evidence for Explain

Which of the following numbers is NOT a solution of the inequality 3x 5 4x 3 A 1 B 2 C 3 D 5

Data Tables for Frog Clade Note Columns A D should be filled in with either a 0 same trait condition as outgroup or a 1 different trait condition than outgroup Trait Claws Chin hair Horn Tail Outgroup trait no claws no chin hair no horn no tail A B 1 1 1 0 1 no tail no spikes 0 4 digits Spikes Digits Spots no spots Lateral fold no fold Tympanum has a tympanum 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 CD 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Ingroup species B O 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 F 1 0 0 1 6 1 1 1 0 2 5 S Number of species with derived trait 3 2 2 5 4 S

We often think of evolution as a tree and that s roughly accurate Populations split and diverge and become new species and so one branch becomes two But the concepts of endosymbiosis as well as lateral gene transfer suggest this model of a tree isn t totally accurate after all Discuss why not and what might be a better model for evolutionary history than a perfectly branching tree Start your discussion by copying the figure below and adding lines to it that illustrate at least one major endosymbiotic event that we studied Do this before your written discussion because it will help you see the point I m trying to get you to address Upload discussion and figure Bacteria Purple bacteria Cyanobacteria Flavobacteria Thermotogales Green non sulfur bacteria Archaea Euryarchaeota Methanosarcina Methano bacterium Methanococcus Gram positives Crenarchaeota Thermoproteus Pyrodictium Thermococcus celer Eukarya Entamoebae Slime molds Halophiles Animals Pungi Plants Ciliates Flagellates Trichomonads Microsporidia Diplomonads

Contrast the body organization of the basic body plan of each Upload discussion and sketches of Porifera Cnidaria and Coelomates and provide a sketch

Oxytocin O Q Exerts its most important effects during menstruation Controls milk production Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism Is an anterior pituitary secretion

he makes hormones that are transported to the Hypothalamus anterior pituitary Hypothalamus posterior pituitary Posterior pituitary hypothalamus Anterior pituitary hypothalamus via the bloodstream and trigger release of more hormones

Which of the following should be done before returning your microscope to the cabinet Select all that apply Lower the stage to the lowest point Remove the ocular lens Place the lowest power objective into position Place the highest power objective into position

Although no one is sure of why the glaciation began it s clear once it got underway there would be positive feedback due to the ice itself Why

Why did the ice cover finally melt O the interior of the earth got hotter O carbon dioxide from volcanoes created a greenhouse effect O the sun became hotter

Discuss one type of Ediacaran organism that could plausibly be a metazoan What kind of metazoan Why

We often think of evolution as a tree and that s roughly accurate Populations split and diverge and become new species and so one branch becomes two But the concepts of endosymbiosis as well as lateral gene transfer suggest this model of a tree isn t totally accurate after all Discuss why not and what might be a better model for evolutionary history than a perfectly branching tree Start your discussion by copying the figure below and adding lines to it that illustrate at least one major endosymbiotic event that we studied Do this before your written discussion because it will help you see the point I m trying to get you to address Upload discussion and figure Bacteria Puple bacteria Cyanobacteria Ravobectoria Theretogaler Green non sulfur bacteria Gram positives Crenarchaeo Archaea Euryarchaeolu Mechanosarcina Methano bacterium Methanocovyur Thermprojet Pyrodiction Thermococcus celer Eukarya Animals Entamoebae Slime molds Halophiles Pungi Plants Ciliates Flagellates Trichomonads Microsporidia Diplomonad